I still want to look at the logs some more but to answer your question quickly, I think this can be done with setting the nomodeset option during boot as mentioned here:
Unfortunately, I am sure this won’t work without some fancy commands to change the live session into using the installed system via chroot. I am not so sure how to do that and the only other way would be to have either access to the grub menu during boot or boot normally and change/update the grub defaults until the problem can be fixed and later restoring the defaults.
Since grub can’t be accessed and booting doesn’t finish cleanly, I can’t really think of much else right now.